![death race 2000 about this problem of violence death race 2000 about this problem of violence](https://thedoteaters.com/tde/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/death-screenshot-624x350.png)
In addition to unintended pregnancy risk, there are also risks specific to partner notification of an STI, which should be taken into account especially when considering expedited partner treatment. A partner may sabotage efforts at contraception, refuse to practice safe sex, intentionally expose a partner to a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), control the outcome of a pregnancy (by forcing the woman to continue the pregnancy or to have an abortion or to injure her in a way to cause a miscarriage), forbid sterilization, or control access to other reproductive health services 1.Īpproximately 20% of women seeking care in family planning clinics who had a history of abuse also experienced pregnancy coercion and 15% reported birth control sabotage 7. Reproductive coercion involves behavior in a relationship related to reproductive health and can occur in the absence of physical or sexual violence. Sexual violence includes a continuum of sexual activity that covers unwanted kissing, touching, or fondling sexual coercion and rape 6. Often, the abuser progressively isolates the woman from family and friends and may deprive her of food, money, transportation, and access to health care 5. Psychologic abuse erodes a woman’s sense of self-worth and can include harassment verbal abuse such as name calling, degradation, and blaming threats stalking and isolation. Physical abuse can include throwing objects, pushing, kicking, biting, slapping, strangling, hitting, beating, threatening with any form of weapon, or using a weapon. Intimate partner violence encompasses subjection of a partner to physical abuse, psychologic abuse, sexual violence, and reproductive coercion. Intimate partner violence caused 2,340 deaths in 2007 of this number, 1,640 were female and 700 were male 4.
![death race 2000 about this problem of violence death race 2000 about this problem of violence](https://cdn.gamer-network.net/2015/usgamer/VGViolenceHeader.jpg)
However, the true prevalence of IPV is unknown because many victims are afraid to disclose their personal experiences of violence. In the United States, women experience 4.8 million incidents of physical or sexual assault annually 3. More than one in three women in the United States have experienced rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner in their lifetime 2. Individuals who are subjected to IPV may have lifelong consequences, including emotional trauma, lasting physical impairment, chronic health problems, and even death. It can occur among heterosexual or same-sex couples and can be experienced by both men and women in every community regardless of age, economic status, race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or educational background. These types of behavior are perpetrated by someone who is, was, or wishes to be involved in an intimate or dating relationship with an adult or adolescent, and is aimed at establishing control of one partner over the other 1. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pattern of assaultive behavior and coercive behavior that may include physical injury, psychologic abuse, sexual assault, progressive isolation, stalking, deprivation, intimidation, and reproductive coercion 1. Resources are available in many communities to assist women who experience IPV. Physicians should screen all women for IPV at periodic intervals, including during obstetric care (at the first prenatal visit, at least once per trimester, and at the postpartum checkup), offer ongoing support, and review available prevention and referral options. Department of Health and Human Services has recommended that IPV screening and counseling should be a core part of women’s preventive health visits. Obstetrician–gynecologists are in a unique position to assess and provide support for women who experience IPV because of the nature of the patient–physician relationship and the many opportunities for intervention that occur during the course of pregnancy, family planning, annual examinations, and other women’s health visits. Although women of all ages may experience IPV, it is most prevalent among women of reproductive age and contributes to gynecologic disorders, pregnancy complications, unintended pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
![death race 2000 about this problem of violence death race 2000 about this problem of violence](https://cdn.substack.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe26a9de4-b6d6-47d7-a30d-2587c2d1ca99_2880x1616.png)
ABSTRACT: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant yet preventable public health problem that affects millions of women regardless of age, economic status, race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or educational background.